Biodiversity contributes directly (through provisioning, regulating, and cultural ecosystem services) and indirectly (through supporting ecosystem services) to many constituents of human well-being, including security, basic material for a good life, health, good social relations, and freedom of
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Why is biodiversity loss a concern? (Question)
The aim of beech management is to produce high value timber.
The understorey, a forest layer with an underestimated importance for ecosystem functioning (Knowledge Element)
The major forest types in Europe, from the Boreal to the Mediterranean region, all include a variable number of native vascular plant species in the understorey layer (1.3 m height), both herbaceous and woody.